Group Concludes that Water Fluoridation Has Reached It’s “Tipping Point”

The Fluoride Action Network (FAN) issued the following statement in December of 2024:

We’ve reached the tipping point. Here’s what happened in 2024:

• The largest study ever conducted on the effectiveness of fluoridation found essentially no reduction in tooth decay, no reductions in social inequalities, no reductions in missing teeth, and a net economic loss from the practice.
• The first government-funded study looking at pregnant women living in a U.S. fluoridated community was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). It found a doubling of neurobehavioral problems for children born to mothers exposed to higher fluoride levels in optimally fluoridated Los Angeles, CA
• The National Toxicology Program (NTP) published their systematic review after 8-years, finding a “large body” of evidence that fluoride exposure is “consistently associated with lower IQ in children.”
• After our 7-year-long legal battle in federal court against the EPA over the neurotoxicity of fluoridation, the court ruled that there is “substantial and scientifically credible evidence” establishing that water fluoridation “poses an unreasonable risk of reduced IQ in children.” The ruling requires the EPA to take regulatory action to eliminate this risk.
• The legal victory brought unprecedented media attention to FAN and to the dangers of water fluoridation. It made ending fluoridation a nationally discussed issue, gaining attention from decision makers at all levels of government, including the incoming presidential administration, and generated a wave of communities suspending or ending fluoridation that continues to grow with each day.
• The Cochrane Collaboration published an updated assessment on the efficacy of water fluoridation. It found that effectiveness has declined to almost nothing over the past 50 years.
• The Surgeon General of Florida–joined by other scientific and medical professionals–became the first state health official to hold a press conference calling for all communities to end fluoridation due to the health risks.

The Pure Water Gazette agrees that the tipping point has been reached with water fluoridation.  How much proof do you need?

Source: Fluoride Action Network.

Water News for November 2024

Water Projects from the EPA

The Environmental Protection Agency has announced a new round of funding for American ports to help in electrification and pollution reduction. The $3 billion Clean Ports Program will upgrade infrastructure at 55 port projects across 27 states, according to The Guardian. Once complete, this funding should reduce 3 million metric tons (3.3 million tons) of carbon pollution, which is the equivalent of over 391,000 homes’ energy use for one year.

On November 20, 2024, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched a new, no-cost technical assistance effort focused on reducing exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and other emerging contaminants in small or disadvantaged communities. This initiative is part of EPA’s Water Technical Assistance (WaterTA) program. The Tackling Emerging Contaminants initiative will help eligible public drinking-water systems evaluate emerging contaminant issues, conduct initial water quality testing, and identify next steps in 200 small or disadvantaged communities over the next three years. EPA will also share best practices and amplify successes through case studies, fact sheets, webinars, and other resources regarding addressing emerging contaminants, including PFAS.

President Biden’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law has provided an unprecedented $50B to improve water infrastructure across the nation. Of this funding, $5B is dedicated to the Emerging Contaminants in Small or Disadvantaged Communities (EC-SDC) grant program, which supports this latest technical-assistance initiative.

“The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law is providing a focused opportunity to help small and disadvantaged communities address PFAS and emerging contaminants to ensure that drinking water is clean and safe for residents,” said EPA Principal Deputy Assistant Administrator for Water Bruno Pigott. “By working hand-in-hand with local partners, the Tackling Emerging Contaminants initiative will help ensure that historically underserved areas have access to safer drinking water that is essential for healthy and vibrant communities.”

The More Plastics They Make, the More Gets in the Water

It should not take a team of experts to determine that the amount of microplastics found in water is directly related to the amount of plastic that is produced. What was surprising in a recent study, however, is that contrary to the research team’s expectations, no correlation was found between population density or land use and high levels of microplastics. It is suspected that recycling has something to do with it. Water Online. 

High levels of hazardous heavy metals found in products used to fight wildfires

A new study shows that sprays and retardants used to fight wildfires contain surprisingly high levels of toxic heavy metals, a “disturbing” finding at a time when wildfires are generally getting worse.

The paper, published Oct. 30 in the journal Environmental Science & Technology Letters, found that each of 14 fire suppression products examined contained at least eight of the ten heavy metals tested for, including chromium, cadmium, lead, and arsenic. Most of these metals or their derivatives are highly toxic, and known to cause a long list of diseases, including cancer. The New Lede

Millions of Americans Are Drinking PFAS-contaminated Water

More than 20% of the country’s population may rely on groundwater that contains detectable concentrations of PFAS for their drinking water supplies, according to a study published by the U.S. Geological Survey. Full article from Water Online. 

Devastating Flooding in Valencia

Spain’s worst flooding in almost 30 years caused the Magro River to overflow its banks, trapping some residents in their homes and sending cars and rubbish bins surging. The death toll in Valencia and the neighboring regions of Castilla, La Mancha and Andalucía stood at 95.  Valecia received a whole year’s worth of rain in a single day.

New research adds to evidence that several types of agrochemicals — including the widely used herbicides 2,4-D and glyphosate — may raise the risk of prostate cancer.

Programming the NWS 1″ AIO Filter

Little programming is needed as the default settings work in most cases.

Enter programming by pressing NEXT/DOWN simultaneously and holding for five seconds. The NEXT button is second from the left.) Choose or accept:

TYPE= AIR CYCLE FILTER

AIR RELEASE TIME = 4.0 MINUTES.

BACKWASH = 14 MINUTES.  Can be shortened for treatment of odor only in clean water.

AIR CHARGE TIME = 40.  In most cases it’s best to leave it at default.

RINSE TIME = OFF. Must stay at OFF.

GALLONS CAPACITY=1,000 Gal.

REGEN = DELAYED.  This delays regeneration until the REGENERATION TIME you select.

RELAY 1, RELAY 2, SERVICE ALARM = OFF

Next go to final programming cycle by pressing NEXT/UP simultaneously and holding until the screen changes.

DAY OVERRIDE = Best set to 1 or 2.  You can use 3 if water is very clean and water usage is low.

REGENERATION TIME: Set time for regeneration.  If you have a water softener or another backwashing filter, be sure their regeneration times don’t overlap.

LIGHT NORMALLY= OFF

Programming 1″ NWS Water Softeners

Default Settings when you receive the unit are

First Backwash = 8 minutes

Regenerant Draw (aka Slow Rinse or Brine Draw) = 60 minutes

Second Backwash = 8 minutes

Rapid Rinse = 8 minutes

Regenerant Refill (Brine Fill) = Varies according to the situation. The softener will figure this one out when it gets the necessary information.

The unit has five buttons.  They are, from the left, Time, Next, Up, Down, and Regen.

The Time button is used to set the time of day to real time.

INSTALLER PROGRAMMING

To enter Installer Programming, press NEXT and DOWN simultaneously and hold for 5 seconds. (Sometimes you have to do it twice.)

You will know you’re in programming mode when the screen shows TYPE.  Scroll with up or down buttons to view options, then select by pushing Next.

Here are the items in this menu:

TYPE — Set to SOFTENING DN POST

BACKWASH TIME — Set to 8 or any preferred backwash duration.

DRAW DN TIME – Leave it at 60 minutes.

BACKWASH TIME — This is the second backwash. Set at 8 or any other preferred duration.

RINSE TIME — Duration of Rapid Rinse.  8 minutes recommended.

FILL — Here you enter the total pounds of salt the unit will use for the regeneration. You determine this by multiplying the cubic feet of resin in the softener by 15. For example, if you have a 12″ diameter softener it has 2 cubic feet of resin, so you would put 30 lbs. in FILL.  The programming suggested here is for full salt usage. You can program the unit to use less salt, but other changes will need to be made. Get advice if needed.

GRAINS OF CAPACITY.  Use these numbers for residential tank sizes.

8″ Tank = 22,500

9″ Tank = 30,000

10″ Tank = 45,000

12″ Tank = 60,000

These numbers are for “full salt” settings. For larger units or for reduced salt, get advice.

GALLONS CAPACITY = AUTO.  Auto means that the softener will figure it out based on the information you have given it.

REGEN = DELAYED.  This means that the softener will regenerate at the regeneration time you have selected.

RELAY 1, RELAY 2, SERVICE ALARM= OFF.

Next enter the USER PROGRAMMING MENU by pressing simultaneously and holding NEXT and DOWN for five seconds.

WATER HARDNESS– Enter the hardness of your water, in GRAINS PER GALLON.

DAY OVERRIDE — This is the number of days between regenerations in the event that the metered amount is not reached.  In most cases, the default is a good selection.

REGENERATION TIME= This is the time of day or night when the regeneration will occur. If you have more than one treatment device, like a backwashing filter, make sure they don’t conflict. First set the hour, then NEXT will let you set the minutes.

LIGHT NORMALLY: OFF.  (The light will come on if you touch a button.)

When the unit returns to the time-of-day screen, scroll through the settings from the time-of-day screen by using the NEXT key. You’ll see CAPACITY REMAINING in gallons, the total gallons it will count down before regeneration, REGENERATION IN= based on the value that you selected as DAY Override, and FLOW RATE = 0.

Article Source: Water Online

Possibly toxic chemical may be widespread in drinking water, study finds. Should you filter your tap water?

A new study found a possibly toxic chemical in drinking water in up to two-thirds of U.S. residents’ homes.

By Maura Hohman

Gazette Introductory Note: The irony is obvious. As an ever-increasing number of US suppliers switch to chloramine over chlorine as their primary water disinfectant because chlorination has been found to produce cancer-causing spin-off contaminants, we are now learning that chloramine, too, produces toxic by-products.  The answer to the author’s question, “Do I need a water filter?” is yes, but not because of a new chemical that may or may not be in your tap water and that may or may not be harmful but because of the literally thousands of contaminants, known and unknown, that are present in our chemical-rich world.  The author also gives the standard bad advice about looking for a water filter with NSF certification. Our advice is to get enough basic understanding of undersink reverse osmosis units and adequately sized standard carbon water filters to pick a good one. 

A previously unidentified chemical has been discovered in the tap water of about one-third of U.S. homes, a new study has found, and scientists are actively investigating whether it’s toxic.

The chemical, called chloronitramide anion, forms when “water is treated with chloramine, a chemical formed by mixing chlorine and ammonia. Chloramine is often used to kill viruses and bacteria in municipal water treatment systems,” NBC News reported.

About 40 years ago, researchers became aware of a chemical byproduct from water being treated with chloramine, but only with new testing have researchers been able to identify exactly what it is.

Chloronitramide anion has never been studied before, so it may be years before scientists are able to understand whether it’s dangerous to consume. The study was published to call attention to potential safety concerns and encourage additional research.

While there is currently no conclusive evidence to suggest chloronitramide anion is harmful to health, it has some resemblances to other “toxic molecules,” David Wahman, Ph.D., study author and research environmental engineer at the Environmental Protection Agency, told NBC News.

Part of the reason for the concern over the chemical’s potential toxicity is that it appears to be widespread in U.S. drinking water.

“We looked for it in 40 samples in 10 U.S. chlorinated drinking water systems located in seven states. We did find it in all the samples,” Wahman said.

He added that it’s likely to be found in all water treated with chloramine, which about 113 million U.S. residents get in their taps.

The study also calls attention the possible health impact of using certain chemicals to treat tap water, not just chloramine. Some research has linked disinfected drinking water with increased rates of certain types of cancers.

“We don’t know what’s driving these. We have no idea if this compound is in any way related to those outcomes,” Julian Fairey, the study’s lead author and associate professor at the University of Arkansas, told NBC News. “But we have unexplained incidents of certain types of cancer from treated drinking water.”

However, treating drinking water with chemicals does reduce the presence of dangerous bacteria, especially those that cause cholera and typhoid, Alan Roberson, executive director of the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, said.

“The reason you’re adding the chloramine — you want to kill the bacteria and viruses, you have a real risk-risk trade-off,” he explained.

So, is tap water safe to drink? Is it time for you to invest in a water filter? Here’s what to know.

Do I need a water filter?

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend testing your home’s tap water for the presence of harmful germs or chemicals. Then you can purchase a water filter designed to remove what you found specifically in your water.

If your water does not have any harmful germs or chemicals, you may decide not to use a filter. The CDC also points out that most home filters, like those in your fridge or in a pitcher, do not remove germs and typically only remove heavy metals and make the water taste better.

If you get your water from a well or rain, you should test it regularly for the presence of harmful germs or chemicals. For people who get their water from a public system, your utility company must provide a water safety report every year.

Before purchasing a water filter, check for an NSF International certification to make sure the product works and the NSF International database to see what types of germs and chemicals your filter is certified to remove.

When it comes to chloronitramide anion, the chemical the recent study identified, you can check your utility company’s website to see if they use chlorine or chloramine. An activated carbon filter, found in many fridge and pitcher filters, may remove the byproducts of chemicals used to disinfect tap water, but more research is needed, Wahman said.

Article Source: Today

The Oldest River in the World

For most of the year, the Finke is just a dry riverbed.

It is extremely difficult to work out the exact age of a river, especially over periods of extended geological time. Scientists and geologists can examine the surrounding ecological features, mountain ranges, and look at the riverbed sediment, as well as the “meanders” – features of the river course itself that have changed the landscape due to hundreds of million years of erosion. Even after considering all these features and more, it is not unusual to have wide-ranging estimates of age that span large time periods.

The oldest river in the world is the subject of some debate, but is largely agreed to be the Finke River, which is also known as the Larapinta by Indigenous communities in Australia. The river flows only a few times a year after heavy rainfall and extends around 600-750 kilometers (372-466 miles) to its outlet at Lake Eyre. Thought to be around 350 to 400 million years old, the Finke river has its source in the MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory of Australia. Indigenous legend tells the story that the river was formed when the Rainbow Serpent went north from Lake Eyre.

The oldest river in North America is thought to be the confusingly named New River, which runs approximately 547 kilometers (340 miles) from the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Carolina into Virginia and West Virginia, where it eventually joins the Kanawha River. Estimates for the age of this river vary widely but most suggest it to be between 10 and 360 million years old. According to a study, this river was labeled the “second oldest river in the world” during a 1970s advertising campaign to prevent the river from being dammed.

While the Nile and the Amazon rivers get a lot of credit for being the longest river and the world’s largest river by water volume, respectively, there are still plenty of titles to claim across the rest of planet Earth’s mighty waterways.

Across the pond, the oldest river in Europe is thought to be the Meuse, which flows 950 kilometers (590 miles) through three countries: Belgium and The Netherlands, from its starting point in France. This river is estimated to be 320 to 340 million years old.

Our understanding of river formations is not an exact science, so more scientific evidence could come to light that changes the age of these rivers and sheds more light on their formation millions of years ago.

Msn.com.

Water News for October 2024

Biden-Harris Administration Announces $3.6 Billion for Water Infrastructure Through Investing in America Agenda

On October 23, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced $3.6 billion in new funding under the Biden-Harris Administration’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to upgrade water infrastructure and keep communities safe. Combined with $2.6 billion announced earlier this month, this $6.2 billion in investments for Fiscal Year 2025 will help communities across the country upgrade water infrastructure that is essential to safely managing wastewater, protecting local freshwater resources, and delivering safe drinking water to homes, schools, and businesses. This funding is part of a five-year, $50 billion investment in water infrastructure through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law – the largest investment in water infrastructure in American history. To ensure investments reach communities that need them the most, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law mandates that a majority of the funding announced today must be provided to disadvantaged communities in the form of grants or loans that do not have to be repaid.

It Could Take Over 40 Years For PFAS To Leave Groundwater

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl chemicals, known commonly as PFAS, could take over 40 years to flush out of contaminated groundwater in North Carolina’s Cumberland and Bladen counties, according to a new study from North Carolina State University. The study used a novel combination of data on PFAS, groundwater age-dating tracers, and groundwater flux to forecast PFAS concentrations in groundwater discharging to tributaries of the Cape Fear River in North Carolina.

The researchers sampled groundwater in two different watersheds adjacent to the Fayetteville Works fluorochemical plant in Bladen County.

“There’s a huge area of PFAS contaminated groundwater – including residential and agricultural land – which impacts the population in two ways,” says David Genereux, professor of marine, earth and atmospheric sciences at NC State and leader of the study. “First, there are over 7,000 private wells whose users are directly affected by the contamination. Second, groundwater carrying PFAS discharges into tributaries of the Cape Fear River, which affects downstream users of river water in and near Wilmington.” Water Online.

Boil Water Alerts, and How to Sanitize Your RO Unit or Undersink Filter

Because of this month’s high number of flood water from storm events, we’ve had questions about how to sanitize a home RO unit after a “boil water” event. See the Pure Water Gazette website. 

Temporary Change in NYC Water

New York City Has “the champagne of tap waters,” but that is about to change. New York’s water is delivered via the 85-mile-long Delaware Aqueduct, said to be the longest tunnel in the world, but the aqueduct is currently leaking, so for the next eight months, the aqueduct’s water output will be cut in half while crews fix it. As the city is supplied with water from alternate sources during the repair, quality is expected to drop. The Guardian.

Hurricane Helene Dumps 40 trillion gallons of Rain

The amount of rainfall is enough to fill Lake Tahoe – with its depth of 1,645ft and surface area of 191 sq miles – or 60m Olympic-sized swimming pools. It could also fill the Dallas Cowboys’ 80,000-seat stadium 51,000 times over.

“That’s an astronomical amount of precipitation,” said Ed Clark, head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s water center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

But only about 2.6% of the 4.3 million properties across North Carolina — or around 115,000 properties — had flood insurance. Clark said the estimate of 40tn gallons was, if anything, conservative. Also, if that amount of water had fallen in the parched western states, it would have been enough to fill Lake Powell and Lake Mead twice over, he said.  The Guardian.

The World’s Oldest River

The oldest river in the world is the subject of some debate, but is largely agreed to be the Finke River, which is also known as the Larapinta by Indigenous communities in Australia. The river flows only a few times a year after heavy rainfall and extends around 600-750 kilometers (372-466 miles) to its outlet at Lake Eyre. Thought to be around 350 to 400 million years old, the Finke river has its source in the MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory of Australia. Indigenous legend tells the story that the river was formed when the Rainbow Serpent went north from Lake Eyre.

It is extremely difficult to work out the exact age of a river, especially over periods of extended geological time. Scientists and geologists can examine the surrounding ecological features, mountain ranges, and look at the riverbed sediment, as well as the “meanders” – features of the river course itself that have changed the landscape due to hundreds of million years of erosion. Even after considering all these features and more, it is not unusual to have wide-ranging estimates of age that span large time periods. Msn.com.

Dental Health Benefits of Fluoride in Water Have Declined

Recent research indicates that adding fluoride to water may have little benefit for dental health because fluoride is now added to everyday products like toothpaste. The Guardian

Dire Predictions for the Future Because of Human Mismanagement

“Hurricane Helene was fuelled by a record-hot Gulf of Mexico, and a new analysis has shown how that heat was 200 to 500 times more likely because of human-caused global heating. In addition to increasing rainfall by 10%, the climate emergency has made Helene’s wind about 13mph, or 11%, more intense. Scientists are now predicting that monster hurricanes like Helene are now twice as likely to happen due to global heating.” The Guardian.

Water as a destructive force during a hurricane. “As a hurricane approaches a coast, the churning winds force ocean water up on to land; atmospheric pressure from the storm also helps squeeze the water ashore. Water is heavy, and it can move fast in a surge, sweeping people to their deaths, throwing boats and vehicles, and pulverizing structures.” The Guardian.

More than half the world’s food production will be at risk of failure within the next 25 years as a rapidly accelerating water crisis grips the planet, unless urgent action is taken to conserve water resources and end the destruction of the ecosystems on which our fresh water depends, experts have warned in a landmark review. The Guardian

Half the world’s population already faces water scarcity, and that number is set to rise as the climate crisis worsens, according to a report from the Global Commission on the Economics of Water. Full story from The Guardian. 

The system that moves water around the Earth is off balance for the first time in human history

By Laura Paddison, CNNWed October 16, 2024

Humanity has thrown the global water cycle off balance “for the first time in human history,” fueling a growing water disaster that will wreak havoc on economies, food production and lives, according to a landmark new report.

Decades of destructive land use and water mismanagement have collided with the human-caused climate crisis to put “unprecedented stress” on the global water cycle, said the report published Wednesday by the Global Commission on the Economics of Water, a group of international leaders and experts.

The water cycle refers to the complex system by which water moves around the Earth. Water evaporates from the ground — including from lakes, rivers and plants — and rises into the atmosphere, forming large rivers of water vapor able to travel long distances, before cooling, condensing and eventually falling back to the ground as rain or snow.

Disruptions to the water cycle are already causing suffering. Nearly 3 billion people face water scarcity. Crops are shriveling and cities are sinking as the groundwater beneath them dries out.

The consequences will be even more catastrophic without urgent action. The water crisis threatens more than 50% of global food production and risks shaving an average of 8% off countries’ GDPs by 2050, with much higher losses of up to 15% projected in low-income countries, the report found.

“For the first time in human history, we are pushing the global water cycle out of balance,” said Johan Rockström, co-chair of the Global Commission on the Economics of Water and a report author. “Precipitation, the source of all freshwater, can no longer be relied upon.”

The report differentiates between “blue water,” the liquid water in lakes, rivers and aquifers, and “green water,” the moisture stored in soils and plants.

While the supply of green water has long been overlooked, it is just as important to the water cycle, the report says, as it returns to the atmosphere when plants release water vapor, generating about half of all rainfall over land.

Disruptions to the water cycle are “deeply intertwined” with climate change, the report found.

A stable supply of green water is vital for supporting vegetation that can store planet-heating carbon. But the damage humans inflict, including destroying wetlands and tearing down forests, is depleting these carbon sinks and accelerating global warming. In turn, climate change-fueled heat is drying out landscapes, reducing moisture and increasing fire risk.

The crisis is made more urgent by the huge need for water. The report calculates that, on average, people need a minimum of about 4,000 liters (just over 1,000 gallons) a day to lead a “dignified life,” far above the 50 to 100 liters the United Nations says is needed for basic needs, and more than most regions will be able to provide from local sources.

Richard Allan, a climate science professor at Reading University, England, said the report “paints a grim picture of human-caused disruption to the global water cycle, the most precious natural resource that ultimately sustains our livelihoods.”

Human activities “are altering the fabric of our land and the air above which is warming the climate, intensifying both wet and dry extremes, and sending wind and rainfall patterns out of kilter,” added Allan, who was not involved in the report.

The crisis can only be addressed through better management of natural resources and massive cuts in planet-heating pollution, he told CNN.

The report’s authors say world governments must recognize the water cycle as a “common good” and address it collectively. Countries are dependent on each other, not only through lakes and rivers that span borders, but also because of water in the atmosphere, which can travel huge distances — meaning decisions made in one country can disrupt rainfall in another.

The report calls for a “fundamental regearing of where water sits in economies,” including better pricing to discourage wastefulness and the tendency to plant water-thirsty crops and facilities, such as data centers, in water-stressed regions.

“The global water crisis is a tragedy but is also an opportunity to transform the economics of water,” said Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, director general of the World Trade Organization and a co-chair of the commission that published the report. Valuing water properly is essential, she added, “so as to recognize its scarcity and the many benefits it delivers.”

Source: CNN 

Pure Water Gazette Fair Use Statement

Home Treatment Strategies for PFAS

While a small amount of PFAS may enter the body through the skin during showering, dermal uptake from contact with water of little significance as compared with ingestion of PEAS-contaminated water or contamination from food packaging.  Therefore, the practical strategy for home treatment is to eliminate PFAS from drinking water and not worry a lot about water for bathing or other household uses.

For drinking water, reverse osmosis is a sure thing. It removes PFAS handily.  A good carbon drinking water filter is also a reliable PFAS reducer.  High quality carbon block cartridges have an impressive range for PFAS.  Our standard double undersink filter with MatriKX PB1 and CTO+ cartridges is rated for over 6000 gallons of PFAS removal between cartridge changes. That’s a lot of drinking water. The usual “change once a year” recommendation applies.

For point of entry (whole house) treatment, if you want high PFAS reduction you’ll need to reduce your service flow rate and change cartridges often. A single MatriKX CTO+ in whole house 4.5″ X 20″ size has a 21,000 gallon PFAS reduction capacity at 3 gallons per minute. Two of these installed in parallel would give a 42,000 gallons capacity at a service flow of six gallons per minute.

PFAS can also be effectively treated with ion exchange. This strategy is often used by municipal water suppliers, but is not currently as practical or as affordable for home use as carbon filtration and reverse osmosis.